{"id":660,"date":"2007-10-14T15:03:00","date_gmt":"2007-10-14T07:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/note.systw.net\/note\/?p=660"},"modified":"2023-11-04T15:06:37","modified_gmt":"2023-11-04T07:06:37","slug":"03%e6%93%8d%e4%bd%9clinux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/archives\/660","title":{"rendered":"03\u64cd\u4f5clinux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u770b\u5b8c\u672c\u7ae0\u5f8c\u4f60\u5fc5\u9808\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4
passwd<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u8a2d\u5b9a\u5bc6\u78bc
pwd<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u9304
cd \u8def\u5f91<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u76ee\u9304
cd<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u56de\u5230\u4e3b\u76ee\u9304
cd\u3000..<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u56de\u5230\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c64\u76ee\u9304
mkdir directory<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u5efa\u7acb\u76ee\u9304
rmdir directory<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u79fb\u9664\u76ee\u9304
ls<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u76ee\u9304\u5167\u5bb9
ls -a<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u76ee\u9304\u5168\u90e8\u5167\u5bb9
ls -l<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u984d\u5916\u8cc7\u8a0a
ls -h<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u5c07\u6a94\u6848\u5927\u5c0f\u6b04\u4f4d\u4ee5\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u8b80\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a
cat filename<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u904a\u89bd\u6a94\u6848
more filename<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u5206\u9801\u904a\u89bd\u6a94\u6848
ln<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u5efa\u7acb\u7b26\u865f\u9023\u7d50
&<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u5c07\u5de5\u4f5c\u653e\u5165\u80cc\u666f\u57f7\u884c
ps<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u6b63\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u884c\u7a0b
ps -a<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u5168\u90e8\u6b63\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u884c\u7a0b
ps -x<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u6c92\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u7d42\u7aef\u6a5f\u7684\u884c\u7a0b
ps -c command<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62command\u7684\u884c\u7a0b
fg process-id<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u628a\u80cc\u666f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e36\u56de\u524d\u666f
kill process-id<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u522a\u9664\u80cc\u666f\u884c\u7a0b
man \u547d\u4ee4<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u624b\u518a\u9801\u9762
apropos \u547d\u4ee4<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u8207\u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u624b\u518a\u9801\u9762
echo $PATH<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u986f\u793a\u9810\u8a2d\u641c\u5c0b\u8def\u5f91\u70ba\u4f55
export PATH=$PATH:\u8def\u5f91\u540d\u7a31<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u52a0\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u641c\u5c0b\u8def\u5f91
echo $SHELL<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u8a62\u76ee\u524d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684shell
chsh<\/strong>\u3000\u3000\u6539\u8b8a\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684shell
\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e03\u500b\u6280\u5de7
1\u865b\u64ec\u4e3b\u63a7\u53f0
2\u5e38\u7528\u6309\u9375
3\u81ea\u52d5\u88dc\u9f4a
4\u9078\u7528\u5df1\u8f38\u5165\u547d\u4ee4
5\u7e2e\u77ed\u6a94\u540d
6\u8f49\u5411\u7b26\u865f
7\u7ba1\u7dda
\u9084\u6709\u4e8c\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u89e3\u6b0a\u9650\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fee\u6539\u6b0a\u9650\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5
\u6700\u5f8c\u9084\u8981\u660e\u767d\u6a94\u6848\u8207\u76ee\u9304\u4f5c\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u88dc\u5145\u8aaa\u660e
\u5148\u9032\u5165Linux\uff0c\u767b\u5165\u5e33\u865f\u540d\u7a31\u548c\u5bc6\u78bc\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u5927\u5c0f\u5beb\u7684\u5340\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5982\u679c\u7528root\u5e33\u865f\u9032\u5165\uff0c\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u865f\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684 # \u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u5e33\u865f\u9032\u5165\uff0c\u5247\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u865f\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u91d1\u9322\u7684\u7b26\u865f $ \uff0c\u767b\u5165\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u8655\u65bcshell\u5c64\u7d1a\uff08\u985e\u4f3cdos\u7684\u9ed1\u5e95\u767d\u5b57\u756b\u9762\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u865f\u7a31\u70bashell\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u865f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d
\u6b63\u5f0f\u958b\u59cb
\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3000\u547d\u4ee4\u7bc7<\/strong>
passwd<\/strong>
\u8981\u6539root\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9375\u5165passwd\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u63d0\u793a\u4f60\u8f38\u5165\u820a\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u78ba\u5b9a\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u5728\u6253\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u6210\u529f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pwd<\/strong>
\u7528\u4f86\u5370\u51fa\u76ee\u524d\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u9304\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u770b\u81ea\u5df1\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u76ee\u9304\uff08\u6216\u4fd7\u7a31\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u593e\uff09\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6b63\u5728 \/home\/inet \u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\uff1a
$pwd
\/home\/inet<\/p>\n\n\n\n

cd\u3000directory<\/strong>
\u7528\u4f86\u79fb\u81f3\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u76ee\u9304 (cd\u5f8c\u9762\u8981\u7a7a\u4e00\u683c\u63a5\u76ee\u9304)\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d\u4f60\u8981\u53bb \/user\/bin \u9019\u500b\u76ee\u9304\u5c31\u9375\u5165\uff1a
$cd \/usr\/bin
$pwd
\/usr\/bin
cd<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6253cd\uff0c\u5247\u6703\u56de\u5230\u4e3b\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u7528\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8209\u4f8b\uff1a
$cd
$pwd
\/home\/inet
cd ..<\/strong>
\u7528\u4f86\u56de\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u5728\u76ee\u9304\u7684\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c64\u76ee\u9304<\/p>\n\n\n\n

mkdir directory<\/strong>
\u7528\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60f3\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500bprograms\u7684\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u5247\u9375\u5165\uff1a
$mkdir programs
\u6216\u7528\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f91\u540d\u7a31\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\uff1a
$mkdir \/home\/inet\/programs
rmdir directory<\/strong>
\u79fb\u9664\u76ee\u9304\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60f3\u79fb\u9664programs\u7684\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u5247\u9375\u5165\uff1a
$rkdir programs<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ls<\/strong>
\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u67e5\u770b\u73fe\u5728\u76ee\u9304\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u53c3\u6578\u6703\u986f\u793a\u76ee\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u9304\u4e2d\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u67e5\u770b\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u9304\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u5165\u53c3\u6578\u4f86\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$ls \/home
ls -a<\/strong>
\u6703\u628a\u76ee\u9304\u4e2d\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u986f\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u53c3\u6578-a\u662f\u6307\u5168\u90e8 (all) \u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$ls -a
. .bashrc .fvwmrc
.. .emacs .xinitrc
.bash_history .exrc
\u55ae\u7368\u4e00\u500b\u9ede\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u5169\u500b\u9ede\u8868\u793a\u76ee\u524d\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c64\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee5\u9ede\u958b\u982d\u7684\u662f\u96b1\u85cf\u6a94
ls -l<\/strong>
\u6703\u986f\u793a\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u984d\u5916\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u53c3\u6578-l\u662f\u6307long \u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$ls -l
– rw-r–r– 1 inet inetclub 2048 jul 19 2005 index.php
– rw-r–r– 1 inet inetclub 1028 jul 19 2005 set.php
d rw-r–r– 1 inet inetclub 1028 jul 19 2005 inetweb
\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u6b04\u4f4d\u7684 – \u4ee3\u8868\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6a94\u6848\uff0cd\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u76ee\u9304
ls -h<\/strong>
\u6703\u628a\u6a94\u6848\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u6b04\u4f4d\u6539\u4ee5\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u8b80\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u8868\u793a <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u904a\u89bd\u6a94\u6848\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u770b.bashrc\u6a94\u6848\u53ef\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a
emacs filename<\/strong>
\u6703\u7528emacs\u4f86\u7de8\u8f2f\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9806\u4fbf\u770b\u6b64\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e86\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$emacs .bashrc
cat filename<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u60f3\u5feb\u901f\u770b\u904e\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u7de8\u8f2f\u6a94\u6848\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$cat .bashrc
more filename<\/strong>
\u9019\u6a23\u6bcf\u6b21\u6703\u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u756b\u9762\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e26\u7b49\u5f85\u4f60\u6309\u4e0b\u7a7a\u767d\u9375\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4e0b\u4e00\u9801\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$more .bashrc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ln<\/strong>
\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u7b26\u865f\u5f0f\u9023\u7d50\uff0c\u985e\u4f3cwindows\u7684\u6377\u5f91\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60f3\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u500bprog\u7684\u9023\u7d50\uff0c\u4e26\u628a\u5b83\u6307\u5411prog.1.1\u9019\u500b\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u6a94\u6848\uff1a
$ln -s prog.1.1 prog
\u6253ls -l prog\u770b\u525b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u6a94\u6848
$ls -l prog
lrwxrwxrwx 2 inet inetclub jul 19 2005 prog -> prog.1.1
\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u7684 l \u5b57\u5143\u8868\u793a\u9019\u500b\u6a94\u6848\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9023\u7d50\u6a94\uff0c->\u8868\u793a\u5b83\u6240\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u6a94\u6848<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ps<\/strong>
\u7528ps\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u884c\u7a0b\u5728\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982
$ps
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
1663 pp3 S 0:01 -bash
1676 pp3 R 0:00 ps
PID\u662f\u5c08\u5c6c\u8a72\u884c\u7a0b\u7684\u8b58\u5225\u865f\u78bc\uff0c\u53c8\u53eb\u505a\u884c\u7a0b\u865f\u78bc\uff0cTTY\u6703\u986f\u793a\u8a72\u884c\u7a0b\u6b63\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u500b\u7d42\u7aef\u6a5f\u4e0a\u57f7\u884c\uff0cSTAT\u986f\u793a\u8a72\u884c\u7a0b\u72c0\u614b\uff0cS\u4ee3\u8868suspended\uff0cT\u4ee3\u8868STOP\uff0cR\u4ee3\u8868\u6b63\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u7684run\u3002TIME\u8868\u793a\u8a72\u884c\u7a0b\u4f54\u7528\u591a\u5c11CPU\u6642\u9593
ps -a<\/strong>
\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u6574\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\u7a0b\uff0c-a\u4ee3\u8868all process\u6240\u6709\u884c\u7a0b
ps -x<\/strong>
\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u7d42\u7aef\u6a5f\u7684\u884c\u7a0b\u4e5f\u90fd\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u4f86
ps -c\u3000command<\/strong>
\u547d\u4ee4\u5f8c\u52a0\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u884c\u7a0b\u540d\u7a31\uff0c\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u7b26\u5408\u6307\u5b9a\u540d\u7a31\u7684\u884c\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$ps -c httpd<\/p>\n\n\n\n

&<\/strong>
\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u7d50\u5c3e\u8655\u52a0 & \u5373\u53ef\u5c07\u8a72\u547d\u4ee4\u653e\u5230\u80cc\u666f\u53bb\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$gcc invinitjig.c &
[1] 21457
1\u662f\u6307\u5b9a\u7d66\u8a72\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e8f\u865f\uff0c21457\u662f\u884c\u7a0b\u8b58\u5225\u78bc ( proess ID )
fg\u3000process-id<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u8981\u628a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e36\u56de\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u5c31\u7528fg\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$fg %1
\u6216
$fg 21457<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kill process-id<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u7d42\u6b62\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u7528kill\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$kill %1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

man<\/strong>
\u627e\u51fa\u67d0\u500b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u624b\u518a\u9801\u9762\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u9375\u5165man\u547d\u4ee4\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$man ls
\u6216\u8005\u52a0\u5165\u6240\u8981\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4f86\u641c\u5c0b\u67d0\u500b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a
$man 1 ls
apropos<\/strong>
\u4f7f\u7528apropos \u53ef\u4ee5\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u8207\u67d0\u500b\u547d\u4ee4\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u624b\u518a\u9801\u9762\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$apropos edit<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u500b\u547d\u4ee4\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6a94\u6848\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cls\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\u4f4d\u5728bin\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u57f7\u884c\u6a94 (binary file )\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9664\u4e86\u8f38\u5165ls\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f38\u5165\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8def\u5f91\u540d\u7a31\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u8def\u5f91 (absolute pathname )\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$\/bin\/ls
\u4e0d\u904e\u6709\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0ccd\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u547d\u4ee4\u5927\u90fd\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230shell\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u88abshell\u6240\u5145\u5206\u77ad\u89e3\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5df1\u7d93\u662fshell\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u5167\u5efa\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

echo $ PATH<\/strong>
\u8981\u5bdf\u770b\u9810\u8a2d\u641c\u5c0b\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9375\u5165 echo $ PATH\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$echo $path
\/usr\/local\/bin:\/usr\/bin:\/usr\/X11R6\/bin:\/bin:…\u7565
export PATH=$PATH:\u8def\u5f91\u540d\u7a31<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u8981\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u500b\u641c\u5c0b\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u9375\u5165 export PATH=$PATH:\u8def\u5f91\u540d\u7a31\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60f3\u5728\u539f\u4f86\u7684\u8def\u5f91\u52a0\u4e0a \/usr\/sbin\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u641c\u5c0b\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u505a\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
$ export PATH=$PATH:\/usr\/sbin<\/p>\n\n\n\n

echo $SHELL<\/strong>
\u53ef\u4ee5\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684shell\uff0c\u4e26\u628ashell\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8def\u5f91\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$ echo $SHELL
chsh<\/strong>
\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684shell\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$ chsh<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d
\u4f11\u606f\u4e00\u4e0b
\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3000\u6280\u5de7\u7bc7<\/strong>
\u6280\u5de71\u3000\u865b\u64ec\u4e3b\u63a7\u53f0<\/strong>
\u6309 \u4f4falt + f1~f8\u9375\u6216ctrl + alt + f1~f8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u756b\u9762\u548c\u767b\u5165\u7684\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5165\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u865b\u64ec\u4e3b\u63a7\u53f0\uff0c\u5f77\u5f7f\u4f60\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u865b\u64ec\u4e3b\u63a7\u53f0\u4e4b\u9593\u5207\u63db\uff0c\u505a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 \u4e8b\uff1b\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5404\u500b\u4e3b\u63a7\u53f0\u5206\u5225\u57f7\u884cx\u8996\u7a97\u3002X\u8996\u7a97\u7cfb\u7d71\u9810\u8a2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u7b2c7\u500b\u865b\u64ec\u4e3b\u63a7\u53f0\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6280\u5de72\u3000\u5e38\u7528\u6309\u9375<\/strong>
ctrl U \u6703\u628a\u5f9e\u904a\u6a19\u505c\u99d0\u8655\u76f4\u5230\u90a3\u4e00\u884c\u958b\u982d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u522a\u9664
ctrl C \u5728\u8f38\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u4e26\u958b\u59cb\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u4e2d\u65b7\u57f7\u884c
ctrl Z \u5728\u8f38\u5165\u547d\u4ee4\u4e26\u958b\u59cb\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u66ab\u505c\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u7e7c\u7e8c\u57f7\u884c\u76f4\u9700\u9375\u5165fg\u5373\u53ef
ctrl S \u53ef\u4ee5\u66ab\u6642\u4e2d\u6b62\u7d42\u7aef\u6a5f\u7684\u8f38\u51fa
ctrl Q \u53ef\u5c07ctrl s\u7684\u66ab\u6642\u8f38\u51fa\u53d6\u6d88
ctrl T \u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u63db\u904a\u6a19\u505c\u99d0\u8655\u5169\u908a\u7684\u5b57\u5143<\/p>\n\n\n\n

stty\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u4fee\u5fa9\u5931\u6548\u7684\u6309\u9375\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982
$ stty erase ^H
$ stty kill ^U
$ stty intr ^C
$ stty susp ^Z
ps:\uff3e\u4ee3\u8868ctrl\u9375<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6280\u5de73\u3000\u81ea\u52d5\u88dc\u9f4a<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u8f38\u5165\u4e00\u884c\u672a\u6253\u5b8c\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u6309\u4e0btab\u9375\uff0cshell\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u5e6b\u4f60\u586b\u6eff\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$cd \/usr\/inc
\u7136\u5f8c\u4e0d\u8981\u6309enter\uff0c\u6539\u6309tab\u9375\uff0cshell\u5c31\u6703\u81ea\u52d5\u52a0\u4e0alude\u4ee5\u88dc\u9f4a\/usr\/include\u9019\u500b\u76ee\u9304\u540d\u7a31
\u5982\u679c\u958b\u982d\u7684\u5b57\u4e32\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0cshell\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u5b57\u6bcd\u586b\u88dc\u5230\u958b\u59cb\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528bash\u7684shell\uff0c\u6309\u5169\u4e0btab\u9375\uff0c\u5247\u6703\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u88dc\u9f4a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982
$cd \/usr\/l
\u4e0d\u6309enter\uff0c\u800c\u6539\u6309\u5169\u6b21tab\u9375\uff0cbash\u5c07\u6703\u5370\u51fa
lib local<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6280\u5de74\u3000\u9078\u7528\u5df1\u8f38\u5165\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong>
\u6309\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0a\u65b9\u7684\u6309\u9375\uff0c\u5247\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u524d\u4e00\u500b\u4f60\u66fe\u8f38\u5165\u904e\u7684\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6280\u5de75\u3000\u7e2e\u77ed\u6a94\u540d<\/strong>
\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u865f ? \u4f86\u8868\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u5143\uff1b\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u661f\u865f * \u4f86\u8868\u793a\u4efb\u4f55\u9577\u5ea6\u7684\u5b57\u4e32\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e0b\u5217\u7684C\u539f\u59cb\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6a94\u6848
$ls
inv1jig.c inv2jig.c inv3jig.c invinitjig.c invpar.c
\u53ea\u60f3\u5217\u51fa\u5305\u542b\u6578\u5b57\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u6a94\u6848\u5c31\u9375\u5165\uff1a
$ls inv?jig.c
inv1jig.c inv2jig.c inv3jig.c
\u6216\u662f\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u505a\u6cd5\uff1a
$ls inv[1-3]jig.c
inv1jig.c inv2jig.c inv3jig.c
\u6216
$ls inv[123]jig.c
inv1jig.c inv2jig.c inv3jig.c
\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6a94\u6c92\u8208\u8da3\u5c31\u9375\u5165\uff1a
$ls inv[13]jig.c
inv1jig.c inv3jig.c
\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u770b\u5230invinitjig.c\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u5247\u9375\u5165
$ls inv*jig.c
inv1jig.c inv2jig.c inv3jig.c invinitjig.c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6280\u5de76\u3000\u8f49\u5411\u7b26\u865f<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u5f8c\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u500b > \u7b26\u865f\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u6a94\u540d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u6703\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u8a72\u6a94\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8981\u64f7\u53d6ls\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u7d50\u679c\u4e26\u7d50\u679c\u653e\u5165binaries\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9375\u5165\uff1a
$ls \/usr\/bin > ~\/binaries
\u7136\u5f8c\u5c31\u6703\u5efa\u4e00\u500b\u5168\u65b0\u7684binaries\u6a94\u6848\u6216\u8005\u53d6\u4ee3\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u822c\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5e38\u6703\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u8986\u8a72\u6389\u4e00\u500b\u5df1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u7528$noclobber=1\u4f86\u9632\u6b62\u8986\u5beb\uff0c\u6216\u7528 >> \u8f49\u5411\u7b26\u865f\u628a\u8f38\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\u9644\u52a0\u5230binaries\u7684\u6a94\u5c3e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$ls \/usr\/bin >> ~\/binaries<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6280\u5de77\u3000\u7ba1\u7dda<\/strong>
\u7528 \u67d0\u500b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60f3\u5728\u628a\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\u7d66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u547d\u4ee4\u4f86\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9019\u4e2d\u9593\u653e\u4e00\u689d\u5782\u76f4\u7dda ( | ) \u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6211\u60f3\u628adu\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u9001\u5230sort\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7684du\u662f\u986f\u793a\u78c1\u789f\u4f7f\u7528\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6703\u986f\u793a\u6bcf\u500b\u5de5\u4f5c\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\u6bcf\u500b\u6a94\u6848\u5404\u4f54\u7528\u7684\u5340\u584a ( block ) \u6578\u76ee\uff0c\u800csort\u7a0b\u5f0f\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u628a\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\u6392\u5217\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u7528\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\uff0csort\u7684 -n\u53c3\u6578\u8868\u793a\u4ee5\u6578\u5b57\u5927\u5c0f\u4f86\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4f9d\u7167ASCII\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c-r\u8868\u793a\u7528\u7531\u5927\u5230\u5c0f\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u4f86\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u4e0d\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u50cf\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u6a23\uff1a
$du > du_output
$sort -nr du_output
\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u628adu\u7684\u8f38\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\u5b58\u5230du_output\u6a94\u6848\u88e1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u7528sort\u628adu_output\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u7528\u8f38\u51fa\u6392\u5e8f\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u5f8c\u505a\u6cd5\u5c31\u50cf\u8b8a\u6210\uff1a
$du | sort -nr
du\u547d\u4ee4\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u6703\u4e1f\u7d66sort\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6a94\u6848\u592a\u591a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9053\u7ba1\u7dda\u63a5more\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u9801\u4e00\u9801\u7684\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$du | sort -nr | more
\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u60f3\u986f\u793a\u524d\u5341\u884c\uff0c\u5c31\u7528head\u547d\u4ee4\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
$du | sort -nr | head
\u6216\u60f3\u986f\u793a\u5012\u6578\u5341\u884c\u53ef\u7528tail\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982
$du | sort -nr | tail<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d
\u4f11\u606f\u4e00\u4e0b
\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u4e09\u3000\u6a94\u6848\u6b0a\u9650\u7bc7<\/strong>
\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b0a\u9650\u662f\u7cfb\u7d71\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u554f\u984c\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73fe\u3000Permission denied\u3000\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u5df1\u8d85\u904e\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u7684\u6b0a\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u91cd\u9ede\u4e00\u3000\u4e86\u89e3\u6b0a\u9650\u8868\u793a\u6cd5<\/strong>
unix\u4e0b\u6709\u4e09\u7a2e\u6a94\u6848\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a
read\u53ef\u8b80\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b80\u53d6\u6a94\u6848\u5167\u7684\u8cc7\u6599
write\u53ef\u5beb\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u6216\u522a\u9664\u8a72\u6a94\u6848
execute\u53ef\u57f7\u884c\u6b0a\u9650\uff1b\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8a72\u6a94\u6848\u7576\u4f5c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u57f7\u884c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0d\u76ee\u9304\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6b0a\u9650\u6709\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a
read\u53ef\u8b80\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa\u76ee\u9304\u4e2d\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u6a94\u6848
write\u53ef\u5beb\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8a72\u76ee\u9304\u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u6216\u79fb\u9664\u6a94\u6848
execute\u53ef\u57f7\u884c\u6b0a\u9650\uff1b\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u5c0b\u4e26\u5217\u51fa\u5728\u8a72\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u8a0a\u606f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

unix\u6709\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\u6388\u6b0a\u7bc4\u570d\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u8005 ( owner )\u3001\u7fa4\u65cf ( group ) \u53ca\u5176\u4ed6 ( other ) \u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u9019\u500b\u968e\u5c64\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u65cf\u4ee5\u5916\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u89f8\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u5e38\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u8a72\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u500b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6703\u5c6c\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u7fa4\u7d44<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f7f\u7528ls -l\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a
– rwxr-xr-x 2 inet inetclub 10240 jul 19 2005 index.php
\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u8981\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e94\u500b\u5373\u53ef\uff1a
inet\uff1a\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005
inetclub\uff1a\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u7fa4\u65cf
rwxr-xr-x\uff1a\u756b\u5e95\u7dda\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u500b\u4f4d\u5143\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005
rwxr-xr-x\uff1a\u756b\u5e95\u7dda\u7684\u4e2d\u9593\u4e09\u500b\u4f4d\u5143\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u65cf\u7684\u6210\u54e1
rwxr-xr-x\uff1a\u756b\u5e95\u7dda\u7684\u5f8c\u4e09\u500b\u4f4d\u5143\u7528\u4f86\u898f\u7bc4\u5176\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u6b0a\u9650<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u91cd\u9ede\u4e8c\u3000\u4fee\u6539\u6b0a\u9650<\/strong>
\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5728 \/home \u4e0b\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u4ee5root\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u767b\u5165\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u6240\u6709\u7684\u76ee\u9304\u548c\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u5f97\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u6a94\u6848\u8207\u76ee\u9304\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6539\u8a2d\u70ba\u8a72\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u9019\u500b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6839\u672c\u7121\u6cd5\u7528\u4f60\u5e6b\u4ed6\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u74b0\u5883<\/p>\n\n\n\n

chown\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u6a94\u6848\u6240\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709root\u80fd\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u800cchgrp\u547d\u4ee4\u53ef\u6539\u8b8a\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u65cf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60f3\u628asampsoft\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u6240\u6709\u8005\u548c\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u65cf\u6539\u6210inet\uff1a
$ chown inet sampsoft
$ chgrp inet sampsoft
\u6216\u662f\u7528\uff1a
$ chown inet.inet sampsoft<\/p>\n\n\n\n

chmod\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u6539\u8b8a\u6240\u6709\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u6b0a\u9650\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b21\u6539\u8b8a\u6240\u6709\u8005\u6b0a\u9650\u3001\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u65cf\u6b0a\u9650\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6b0a\u9650\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60f3\u7d66header\u6a94\u6848\u53ef\u57f7\u884c\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a
$ chmod +x header
\u6216\u52a0\u5165\u53ef\u8b80\u53d6\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a
$ chmod +r header
\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u79fb\u9664\u53ef\u57f7\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a
$ chmod -x header
\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u60f3\u6539\u8b8a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u60f3\u6539\u8b8a\u6240\u6709\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u6b0a\u6848\u6b0a\u9650\uff1a
$ chmod u+x header
\u52a0\u865f\u524d\u9762\u8868\u793a\u8a72\u6b0a\u9650\u7684\u9069\u7528\u5c0d\u8c61 ( u\u3001g\u3001o ) \u52a0\u865f\u5f8c\u9762\u662f\u6307\u6b0a\u9650\u985e\u5225 ( r\u3001w\u3001x )
\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u6539\u8b8a\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u8a72\u6a94\u6848\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u65cf\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\u5c31\u9375\u5165\uff1a
$ chmod ug+x header
\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b21\u6307\u5b9a\u591a\u7a2e\u6b0a\u9650
$ chmod ug+rwx header<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u6b0a\u9650\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u7d55\u5c0d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u7528\u4f4d\u5143\u7684\u6b0a\u9ede\u4ee5\u53ca\u516b\u9032\u4f4d\u8868\u793a\u6cd5\u4f86\u770b\u5b83\u3002\u7d55\u5c0d\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c3\u500b\u6b0a\u9650\u53ca\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u95dc\u4fc2\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u7c97\u9ad4\u8868\u793a\u7d55\u5c0d\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

user\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u968e\u5c64
read=400 write=200 excute=100
group\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u65cf\u968e\u5c64
read=40 write=20 excute=10
other\u5176\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u968e\u5c64
read=4 write=2 excute =1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5047\u8a2d\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u958b\u555f\u53ef\u8b80\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u60f3\u8b93\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u64c1\u6709\u9019\u9805\u6b0a\u9650\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5fc5\u9808\u6307\u5b9a400\u9019\u500b\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5chmod\u547d\u4ee4\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u7528\uff1a
$ chmod 400 header
\u82e5\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u53ef\u8b80\u6b0a\u9650\u7d66\u6bcf\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u628a\u4e09\u500b\u9650\u5c64\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f400+40+4=444\uff0c\u7528444\u4f86\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5chmod\u547d\u4ee4\u6703\u50cf\u9019\u6a23
$ chmod 444 header
\u65bc$ chmod +r header\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6307\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u8b80\u548c\u53ef\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u628a\u5404\u968e\u5c64\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u53ef\u8b80\u548c\u53ef\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u4f4d\u5143\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f444+111\uff1d555\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u61c9\u547d\u4ee4\u662f\uff1a
$ chmod 555 header
\u9019\u65bc$chmod +rx header\u76f8\u7b49<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d
\u4f11\u606f\u4e00\u4e0b
\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\u56db\u3000\u6a94\u6848\u8207\u76ee\u9304<\/strong>
\u7d44\u614b\u8a2d\u5b9a (configuration )\u662funix\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u74b0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u5b8c\u5168\u638c\u63e1\u4f7f\u7528\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u4e26\u6e1b\u5c11\u6253\u5b57\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u89aa\u81ea\u52d5\u624b\u7684\u52de\u529b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u5927\u90fd\u4ee5rc\u7d50\u5c3e\uff0c\u8868\u793aresource configuration\u8cc7\u6e90\u7d44\u614b\u7684\u610f\u601d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u555f\u52d5\u547d\u4ee4\u6a94 (starup file ) \u901a\u5e38\u6703\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u767b\u5165\u4e3b\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\uff0c\u6a94\u540d\u5927\u90fd\u4ee5 . \u958b\u982d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0cls\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0d\u6703\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
.bashrc\u3000\u9019\u662fbash\u7528\u7684shell script
.bash_profile\u3000\u9019\u662fbash\u53e6\u4e00\u500bshell script
.cshrc\u3000\u9019\u662fc shell\u6216tcsh\u6240\u7528\u7684shell script
.login\u3000\u9019\u662fc shell\u6216tcsh\u6240\u7528\u7684shell script
.emacs\u3000emacs\u7de8\u8f2f\u5668\u6240\u7528\u7684\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6a94
.exrc\u3000vi\u7de8\u8f2f\u5668\u6240\u7528\u7684\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6a94
.newsrc\u3000\u65b0\u805e\u95b1\u8b80\u5668\u6240\u7528\u7684\u7db2\u8def\u65b0\u805e\u7fa4\u65cf\u6e05\u55ae
.Xdefaults\u3000x\u8996\u7a97\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6240\u7528
.xinitrc\u3000 \u7528\u65bcx\u8996\u7a97\u7cfb\u7d71
.kde\/sbare\/config\u3000kde\u684c\u9762\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7d44\u614b\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6a94
.gnome\u3000 gnome\u684c\u9762\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7d44\u614b\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6a94<\/p>\n\n\n\n

unix\u4e26\u672a\u5f37\u7f6e\u898f\u5b9a\u6a94\u6848\u7684\u5b58\u653e\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\u537b\u9010\u6f38\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6163\u4f8b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 \/home \u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5b50\u76ee\u9304\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u767b\u5165\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u662finet\uff0c\u5247\u4f60\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6a94\u6848\u5c07\u6703\u88ab\u653e\u5728 \/hoem\/inet \u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u76ee\u9304 (home directory)\uff1b\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4f60\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b\u5efa\u7acb\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e3b\u76ee\u9304\uff0c\u9644\u5e36\u4e00\u63d0\uff0c\/home \u662f\u5728 \/ \u76ee\u9304\uff08\u53c8\u7a31\u6839\u76ee\u9304\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9664\u4e86home\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u9304\uff1a
\/bin\u3000\u5b58\u653e\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684unix\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5982ls
\/usr\/bin\u3000\u653e\u7f6e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u547d\u4ee4
\/usr\/sbin\u3000\u5b58\u653e\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7d71\u7528\u9014\u7684\u547d\u4ee4
\/boot\u3000\u6838\u5fc3\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u7cfb\u7d71\u958b\u6a5f\u6642\u7528\u5230\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u6709\u6642\u5019\u6703\u653e\u5728\u6b64\u76ee\u9304\u4e0b
\/etc\u3000\u5b58\u653e\u7db2\u8def\u3001NFS\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\u90f5\u4ef6\u9019\u985e\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\u6240\u7528\u5230\u7684\u6a94\u6848
\/var\u3000\u7528\u4f86\u5b58\u653e\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ba1\u7406\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u6a94\u6848\uff0c\u5982\u65e5\u8a8c\u6a94
\/var\/spool\u3000\u66ab\u6642\u5b58\u653e\u7b49\u5f85\u5217\u5370\u7684\u6a94\u6848
\/usr\/lib\u3000\u7528\u4f86\u653e\u7f6e\u6a19\u6e96\u51fd\u5f0f\u5eab
\/usr\/lin\/X11\u3000\u5b58\u653eX\u8996\u7a97\u7cfb\u7d71\u6240\u767c\u884c\u7684\u5957\u4ef6
\/usr\/include\u3000\u5b58\u653eC\u8a9e\u8a00\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u6a19\u982d\u6a94
\/usr\/src\u3000\u5728\u6b64\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0a\u6240\u7de8\u8b6f\u5efa\u69cb\u4e4b\u5404\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u5b58\u653e\u4e4b\u8655
\/usr\/local\u3000\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u54e1\u5728\u672c\u5730\u7aef\u6240\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u53ca\u8cc7\u6599\u6a94\u6703\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u6b64
\/etc\/skel\u3000\u555f\u52d5\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6a94\u7684\u6a23\u672c\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u6a94\u6848\u6703\u65b0\u4f7f\u7528\u8a2d\u5b9a\u767b\u5165\u74b0\u5883
\/dev\u3000\u9019\u500b\u76ee\u9304\u5b58\u653e\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u88dd\u7f6e\u6a94\u6848
\/proc\u3000\u6a94\u6848\u7cfb\u7d71\u8207\u57f7\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u7a0b\u3001CPU\u53ca\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u7b49\u786c\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u754c\u9762<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u9304\u540d\u7a31\u7684\u5404\u500b\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u7528\u659c\u7dda ( \/ ) \u4f86\u9694\u958b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u8def\u5f91\u540d\u7a31\u300dpathname\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u9019\u6574\u500b\u7528\u659c\u7dda\u5206\u9694\u7684\u4e32\u5217<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u5012\u659c\u7dda ( ) \u5728unix\u4e2d\u5247\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u7576\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u63a7\u5236\u5b57\u5143\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5f8c\u9762\u6240\u7dca\u63a5\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\u5143\u539f\u672c\u5177\u7279\u6b8a\u542b\u610f\uff0c \u6703\u5c07\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u542b\u610f\u95dc\u9589<\/p>\n\n\n\n


\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d
\u7d50\u675f\u56c9
\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d\uff0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e94\u3000\u5176\u5b83\u88dc\u5145<\/strong>
\u73fe\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u96fb\u8166\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u90fd\u6975\u70ba\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u57f7\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u7a0b\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7121\u6cd5\u55ae\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u6a94\u6848\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u975c\u614b\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f86\u4e86\u89e3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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