{"id":716,"date":"2014-01-11T15:41:00","date_gmt":"2014-01-11T07:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/note.systw.net\/note\/?p=716"},"modified":"2023-11-04T15:44:30","modified_gmt":"2023-11-04T07:44:30","slug":"system-structure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/archives\/716","title":{"rendered":"System Structure"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A view of system structures<\/strong>
user and programs
[user interfaces]<\/strong>
[system calls]
[operating system services]<\/strong>
hardware<\/p>\n\n\n\n

user interfaces<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b
CLI(command line interface)
GUI(graphic user interface)
Touchscreen interfaces<\/p>\n\n\n\n

operating system services<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u7684service\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b
program execution<\/strong>:\u8f09\u5165\u7a0b\u5f0f\u9032\u5165memory\u4e26\u57f7\u884c
I\/O operations<\/strong>:
file-system manipulation<\/strong>
communications<\/strong>:processes may exchange information
error detection <\/strong>ex:error\u5305\u62eccpu\u904e\u71b1\u7576\u6a5f,memory\u640d\u58de,…\u7b49
resource allocation<\/strong>:\u5354\u8abf\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d
accounting<\/strong>: \u8ffd\u8e64process\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1
protection and security<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n


…………………………………………………………………………..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

system calls<\/strong>
programming interface to the services provided by the OS
ps:
\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u900f\u904eAPI\u4f86\u5b58\u53d6OS services\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528system calls<\/p>\n\n\n\n

system call API<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b
win32 API, for ms windows
POSIX API, for unix,linux,mac os x
java API, for java virtual machine
ps:
API\u5b58\u53d6\u5931\u6557\u6642\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u56de\u50b3 -1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

system call interface<\/strong>
\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u7a2e
user mode<\/strong>:system call interface\u8207user application\u6e9d\u901a
kernel mode<\/strong>:system call interface\u8207kernel\u6e9d\u901a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

system call parameter passing<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u4e09\u7a2e
registers<\/strong>:\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5,parameter\u653e\u5728registers
block<\/strong>:parameter\u5b58\u5728block or table, memory,…\u7b49, linux,solaris\u4f7f\u7528\u8a72\u65b9\u6cd5
stack<\/strong>:parameter\u900f\u904eprogram\u653e\u5728\u6216pushed\u5230stack<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

class of system calls\u3000<\/strong>
\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u70ba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u7a2e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

process control<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b
create\/terminate process
get\/set process attributes
wait for time,event,singal event
ex:
win: CreateProcess(),ExitProcess(),WaitForSingleObject()
unix: fork(),exit(),wait()<\/p>\n\n\n\n

information maintenance<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b
get\/set time or date
get\/set system data
get\/set process,file,device attributes
ex:
win: GetCurrentProcessID(),SetTimer(),Sleep()
unix: getpid(),alarm(),sleep()<\/p>\n\n\n\n

file management<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b
craete\/delete\/open\/close file
read\/write\/reposition device management
ex:
win: CreateFile(),ReadFile(),WriteFile(),CloseHandle()
unix: open(),read(),write(),close()<\/p>\n\n\n\n

communications<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b
create\/delete communication connection
message passing\/shared-memory model
ex:
win: CreatePipe(),CreateFileMapping(),MapViewOfFile()
unix: pipe(),shmget(),mmap()<\/p>\n\n\n\n

device management<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b
request\/release\/read\/write device
get\/set device attributes
ex:
win:SetConsoleMode(), ReadConsole(),WriteConsole()
unix:ioctl(),read(),write()<\/p>\n\n\n\n

protections<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5982\u4e0b
control access to resources
get\/set permissions
allow\/deny user access
ex:
win:SetFileSecurity(), InitlializeSecurityDescriptor(), SetSecurityDescriptorGroup()
unix:chmod(),umask(),chown()<\/p>\n\n\n\n


………………………………<\/p>\n\n\n\n


system kernel<\/strong>
\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u90e8\u5206
\u56e0\u4f7f\u7528\u983b\u7387\u9ad8,\u6240\u4ee5\u5e38\u99d0\u65bc\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4e2d
\u57fa\u672c\u529f\u80fd\u5305\u542b
\u3000interrupt handling(\u8655\u7406\u4e2d\u65b7)
\u3000process creation and destruction(\u8655\u7406\u55ae\u5143\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u8207\u4e2d\u6b62)
\u3000process state switching(\u8655\u7406\u55ae\u5143\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u8f49\u63db)
\u3000dispatch(\u5206\u914dCPU \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6b0a)
\u3000process synchronization(\u8655\u7406\u55ae\u5143\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u540c\u6b65)
\u3000I\/O operation(\u8655\u7406\u8f2a\u51fa\/\u8f38\u5165)
ps:
kernel \u4e5f\u7a31\u70banucleus<\/p>\n\n\n\n


System Structure<\/strong>
\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b
Simple Structure(\u7c21\u6613\u67b6\u69cb)<\/strong>
\u3000\u4f9d\u7576\u6642\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u76f4\u63a5\u8a2d\u8a08
\u3000\u512a\u9ede:\u4e0d\u9700\u8003\u91cf\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u96e3\u984c,\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u8a2d\u8a08
\u3000\u7f3a\u9ede:\u7121\u6574\u9ad4\u898f\u5283,\u7cfb\u7d71\u5bb9\u6613\u96dc\u4e82\u800c\u4e92\u76f8\u5e72\u64fe
\u3000ex:MS-DOS
Layered Approach(\u968e\u5c64\u67b6\u69cb)<\/strong>
\u3000\u7b2c N \u5c64\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u80fd\u529b\u4f86\u81ea\u7b2c N-1 \u5c64\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u670d\u52d9
\u3000\u512a\u9ede:\u6574\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7d71\u6c92\u6709\u8907\u96dc\u727d\u626f\u7684\u5e72\u64fe
\u3000ex:os\/2
Microkernel(\u5fae\u6838\u5fc3)\/Mach<\/strong>
\u3000\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u5728kernel\u4e2d\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u529f\u80fd,\u4ee5modules\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5448\u73fe
\u3000module\u4e5f\u7a31\u70baLoadable Kernels(\u53ef\u8f09\u5165\u6838\u5fc3)
\u3000kernel\u4e5f\u7a31\u70bacore kernel
\u3000\u512a\u9ede:
\u3000\u3000\u8b93kernel\u8b8a\u5c0f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u5931\u53bb\u539f\u6709\u7684\u529f\u80fd
\u3000\u3000\u53ef\u89e3\u6c7a\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71kernel\u592a\u5927\u6642\u8f03\u96e3\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u554f\u984c
\u3000ex:linux
ps:
hybrid \u7d50\u69cb:\u8868\u793a\u5169\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u4f86\u6e90\u7684OS\u4f5c\u7d50\u5408 
………………………………….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e38\u898b\u7684OS\u7cfb\u7d71\u7d50\u69cb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

OS\/2<\/strong>
architecture<\/strong>
layer4:application
layer3:application programming interface
layer2:subsystems
layer1:system kernel
layer0:device driver<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Mac OS X
architecture<\/strong>
layer3: GUI
\u3000 Aqua
layer2: application enviroments and services
\u3000 Jaca,Cocoa,Quicktime,BSD
layer1: kernel enviroment
\u3000Mach,BSD
\u3000I\/O kit,kernel extenions<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iOS<\/strong>
\u4fee\u6539\u5f8c\u7684Mac OS X
architecture<\/strong>
layer4: Cocoa Touch
layer3: Media Services
layer2: Core Services
layer1: Core OS<\/p>\n\n\n\n

android<\/strong>
\u985e\u4f3cIOS,\u4fee\u6539\u7248\u7684linux
architecture<\/strong>
layer2:application framework
layer1:
\u3000 libraries[SQLite,openGL,surface manager,media framework,webkit,libc]
\u3000 android runtime[Core Libraries,Dalvik virtual machine]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A view of system structuresuse …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-operationsystem"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=716"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}