{"id":744,"date":"2007-11-12T16:26:00","date_gmt":"2007-11-12T08:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/note.systw.net\/note\/?p=744"},"modified":"2023-11-04T16:31:44","modified_gmt":"2023-11-04T08:31:44","slug":"%e4%b8%ad%e5%a4%ae%e8%99%95%e7%90%86%e5%99%a8%e5%96%ae%e5%85%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/archives\/744","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u55ae\u5143"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

cpu\u7684\u767c\u5c55
4bit<\/strong> Intel 4004
8bit<\/strong>
Intel 8008\u3001Intel 8086\u3001Z-80
16bit<\/strong>
Intel 8088\u300180286\uff0cMotorola 68000\u300168020
32bit<\/strong>
Intel 80386\u300180386SX \u3001Intel 80486\u300180486DX
AMD 80386\u300180486\uff0cMotorola 68030\u300168040
64bit<\/strong>
Intel Pentium\u3001Pentium PRO\u3001Pentium II\u3001Pentium III
AMD K6\u3001K7\uff0cMotorola Power PC 601\u3001603\u3001620<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u7d44\u6210\u5143\u4ef6<\/strong>
register(\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u5143\u4ef6
CU(\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143):\u4f9d\u7a0b\u5f0f\u767c\u51fa\u63a7\u5236\u8a0a\u865f
ALU(\u7b97\u8853\u908f\u8f2f\u904b\u7b97\u55ae\u5143):\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a08\u7b97\u529f\u80fd<\/p>\n\n\n\n

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………<\/p>\n\n\n\n

register
1\u5b58\u53d6\u901f\u5ea6\u6975\u5feb\uff0c\u6578\u91cf\u8d8a\u591a\u5247\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u8d8a\u9ad8
2\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4f4d\u7f5d\uff0c\u80fd\u88ab\u6a5f\u5668\u8a9e\u8a00\u6216\u7d44\u5408\u8a9e\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u51fa\u6216\u96b1\u542b\u4f7f\u7528
register\u76f4\u63a5\u8207bus(\u532f\u6d41\u6392)\u9023\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u6839\u64da\u6b64\u5206\u70ba\uff1a
\u3000\u4f4d\u5740\u76f8\u95dc : PC,MAR,BAR,IAR,…
\u3000\u8cc7\u6599\u76f8\u95dc : IR,MDR,ACC,…
\u3000\u63a7\u5236\u76f8\u95dc : flag register,program status register,…
\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u4e3b\u8981\u8b93CU\u548cALU\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u6839\u64da\u6b64\u5206\u70ba\uff1a
\u3000CU\u76f8\u95dc : IR,PC,MAR,MDR,program status register,…
\u3000ALU\u76f8\u95dc : ACC,flag register<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u57fa\u672c\u7684register<\/strong>
IR(instruction register,\u6307\u4ee4\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u7528\u4f86\u5b58\u653e\u6b63\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u6307\u4ee4
PC(program counter,\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a08\u6578\u5668):\u7528\u4f86\u5b58\u653e\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u5c07\u88ab\u57f7\u884c\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u4f4d\u5740
MAR(memory address register,\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4f4d\u5740\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u5b58\u653e\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4f4d\u5740
MBR(memory buffer register,\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u7de9\u885d\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u5b58\u653e\u6b32\u5beb\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7d44\u6216\u525b\u8b80\u53d6\u7684\u5b57\u7d44
\u7279\u6b8a\u529f\u80fd\u7684register<\/strong>
MDR(memory data register,\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u8cc7\u6599\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u5b58\u653e\u7531\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u55ae\u5143read(\u8b80\u53d6)\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u548c\u8cc7\u6599\u6216write(\u5beb\u5165)\u5230\u4e3b\u8a18\u9ad4\u55ae\u5143\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c
ACC(accumulator,\u7d2f\u52a0\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u5145\u7576\u7b97\u8853\u908f\u8f2f\u55ae\u5143\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5340
IAR(index address register,\u7d22\u5f15\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u7528\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d22\u5f15\u5b9a\u5740\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f
BAR(base address register,\u57fa\u5e95\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u5167\u542b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u5740,\u7528\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u5e95\u76f8\u5c0d\u5b9a\u5740\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f
valid area register(\u6709\u6548\u5340\u57df\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u9632\u6b62\u7a0b\u5f0f\u57f7\u884c\u6642,\u5c0d\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u55ae\u5143\u7684\u5b58\u53d6\u8d85\u51fa\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u7684\u7bc4\u570d
page control register(\u9801\u63a7\u5236\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u7528\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9bvirtual memory(\u865b\u64ec\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4)\u7684\u5b9a\u5740\u6a21\u5f0f
linkage register(\u9023\u7d50\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u547c\u53eb\u526f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6642\u7528\u4f86\u5b58\u653ereturn address(\u56de\u6b78\u4f4d\u5740)
flag register(\u65d7\u6a19\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u8868\u793a\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u72c0\u614b
clock register(\u8a08\u6642\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u7528\u4f86\u5b58\u653etime-of-day(\u65e5\u671f\u6642\u9593),cycles used(\u9031\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\u500b\u6578)…\u7b49\u8207\u7cfb\u7d71\u6642\u9593\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u8a0a\u606f
input\/output register(\u8f38\u5165\/\u8f38\u51fa\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u7528\u4f86\u5145\u7576\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u55ae\u5143\u548cI\/O processor(\u8f38\u5165\/ \u8f38\u51fa\u8655\u7406\u5668)\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u50b3\u9001\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5340
interrupt register(\u4e2d\u65b7\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u6cc1\u767c\u751f\u6642,\u767c\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u65b7\u4fe1\u865f
priority control regiser(\u512a\u5148\u6b0a\u63a7\u5236\u66ab\u5b58\u5668):\u7528\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7531\u5916\u90e8\u9001\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u99ac\u4e0a\u8655\u7406

………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

instruction cycle\u6307\u4ee4\u9031\u671f<\/strong>
\u4e00\u500b\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u57f7\u884c\u904e\u7a0b,\u5305\u62ec\u5169\u5927\u968e\u6bb5,\u4e94\u500b\u6b65\u9a5f
fetch phase(\u6293\u53d6\u968e\u6bb5)
\u3000IF(instruction fetch,\u6307\u4ee4\u6293\u53d6):\u6703\u7528\u5230\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4
\u3000ID(instruction decode,\u6307\u4ee4\u89e3\u78bc)
excution phase(\u57f7\u884c\u968e\u6bb5)
\u3000OF(operand fetch,\u904b\u7b97\u5143\u6293\u53d6):\u6703\u7528\u5230\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4
\u3000IE(instruction execution,\u6307\u4ee4\u57f7\u884c)
\u3000WB(write back,\u56de\u5beb\u7d50\u679c):\u6703\u7528\u5230\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RISC\u7684instruction cycle
I-time(instruction time)
\u3000IF(instruction fetch,\u6307\u4ee4\u6293\u53d6):\u6703\u7528\u5230\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4
\u3000instruction decode and register file read(\u89e3\u78bc\u8207\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u6a94\u6848\u8b80\u53d6)
E-time(execution time)
\u3000EX(execution or address calculation,\u6307\u4ee4\u57f7\u884c\u6216\u662f\u6709\u6548\u4f4d\u5740\u8a08\u7b97)
\u3000data memory access(\u8cc7\u6599\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5b58\u53d6):\u6703\u7528\u5230\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4
\u3000write back to register file(\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u6a94\u6848\u56de\u5beb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7528register transfer(\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u8f49\u79fb)\u7b26\u865f\u8868\u793aM[Z]=M[X]+M[Y]\u7684instruction cycle
ps:M[Z]=M[X]+M[Y],\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4f4d\u5740X\u8207\u4f4d\u5740Y\u5167\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u7d50\u679c\u5b58\u5230\u4e3b\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4f4d\u5740Z
IF: 1 MAR
ID: 1 DECODER < IR
OF:
\u3000\u6293\u53d6\u4f4d\u5740x\u5167\u7684\u8cc7\u6599 1 MAR,  4 AC
\u3000\u6293\u53d6\u4f4d\u5740y\u5167\u7684\u8cc7\u6599 1 MAR,  4 ALU
IE: 1 ALU<-add-CU ,  2 AC
WB: 1 MDR<-write-CU
ps:\u767c\u51faread\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f=memory<-read-CU<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6307\u4ee4
\u8cc7\u6599\u904b\u7b97\u6307\u4ee4:\u6700\u8907\u96dc
\u8cc7\u6599\u642c\u52d5\u6307\u4ee4
\u6d41\u7a0b\u63a7\u5236\u6307\u4ee4:\u6700\u7c21\u55ae
ps:\u4e0d\u540c\u6307\u4ee4\u5728fetch phase\u6240\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684,\u4f46\u6307\u4ee4\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\u5728excution phase\u5c31\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

instruction pipeline\u6307\u4ee4\u7ba1\u7dda<\/strong>
\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u63a1\u6b64\u8a2d\u8a08\u662f\u5341\u5206\u7b26\u5408cost\/performance(\u6210\u672c\u6548\u76ca)
pipelining\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d \u8aaa\u660e\uff1a
 1\u628a\u8981\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u9032\u884c\u5207\u5272,\u5206\u6210\u4e00\u7d44\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6b65\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u5b50\u5de5\u4f5c,\u5404\u5b50\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u96fb\u8def\u52a0\u4ee5\u57f7\u884c
 2\u7ba1\u7dda\u5167\u90e8\u88ab\u586b\u6eff\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u6bcf\u9694\u4e00\u500b\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4ef6\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u70baCPI\u53ef\u4e0b\u964d\u70ba1
ps:CPI\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u60c5\u6cc1\u662f1
\u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u63d0\u5347\u6548\u80fdex:\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u57f7\u884c4\u9053\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u6642\u9593\u8868<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/td>\u6642\u95931<\/td>\u6642\u95932<\/td>\u6642\u95933<\/td>\u6642\u95934<\/td>\u6642\u95935<\/td>\u6642\u95936<\/td><\/tr>
\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb53<\/td><\/td><\/td>\u6307\u4ee41<\/td>\u6307\u4ee42<\/td>\u6307\u4ee43<\/td>\u6307\u4ee44<\/td><\/tr>
\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb52<\/td><\/td>\u6307\u4ee41<\/td>\u6307\u4ee42<\/td>\u6307\u4ee43<\/td>\u6307\u4ee44<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb51<\/td>\u6307\u4ee41<\/td>\u6307\u4ee42<\/td>\u6307\u4ee43<\/td>\u6307\u4ee44<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5404\u6307\u4ee4\u88ab\u5207\u62103\u500b\u5c0f\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5404\u5c0f\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u52a0\u4ee5\u57f7\u884c
\u5728\u6642\u95933\uff0c\u7ba1\u7dda\u5167\u90e8\u88ab\u586b\u6eff\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u6307\u4ee41\uff0c\u904e\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u5230\u6642\u95934\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u6307\u4ee42\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u985e\u63a8\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5b8c\u6210\u6240\u6709\u6307\u4ee4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u6240\u9700\u76843\u500b\u786c\u9ad4\u67b6\u69cb:
1\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5:<\/strong>
\u5404\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u5fc5\u9808
1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u5b50\u5de5\u4f5c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u529f\u80fd
2\u80fd\u7368\u7acb\u5730\u540c\u6b65\u57f7\u884c
\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u67b6\u69cb\u5167\u542b\u591a\u500b\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u96fb\u8def,\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u500b\u6578\u5c31\u7a31\u70bapipeline depth(\u7ba1\u7dda\u6df1\u5ea6)
1pipeline depth\u8d8a\u5927,\u8868\u793a\u5404\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u5b8c\u6210\u5b50\u5de5\u4f5c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8d8a\u77ed,\u57f7\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u5c31\u8d8a\u597d
2\u7576pipeline depth\u589e\u52a0\u8d85\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u81e8\u754c\u503c,\u6548\u80fd\u5247\u4e0d\u5347\u53cd\u964d
ps:\u82e5\u7ba1\u7dda\u6df1\u5ea6\u70bak,\u901a\u5e38\u6548\u80fd\u53ea\u6703\u589e\u5febsqrt(k)\u500d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ps:\u82e5\u662f80486\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u5247\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e94\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u7ba1\u7dda\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u662f
fetch -> decode1 -> decode2 -> execute -> writeback<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668<\/strong>
\u5404\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u9593\u7684\u7de9\u885d\u5340,\u7528\u4f86\u5b58\u653e\u5404\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7d50\u679c,\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u5b8c\u6210\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u5b50\u5de5\u4f5c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6642\u9593\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3\u540c\u6b65\u8a08\u6642\u5668<\/strong>
\u5728\u6bcf\u500b\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u767c\u51fasynchronization signal(\u540c\u6b65\u4fe1\u865f),\u540c\u6642\u4f5c\u7528\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668
ps:\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u5728\u6536\u5230synchronization signal\u5f8c,\u5c31\u6703\u88ab\u9a45\u52d5\u800c\u5c07\u5167\u90e8\u5b58\u653e\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u9001\u5230\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5
ps:\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u5c31\u662f\u540c\u6b65\u8a08\u6642\u5668\u8a08\u6642\u9031\u671f,\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u7684\u9577\u5ea6=\u6700\u6162\u7684\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593+\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u5ef6\u9072
ex:\u67094\u500b\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u5206\u5225\u8017\u664240ns,50ns,60ns,70ns,\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u5ef6\u9072\u662f10ns
\u5247\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u6642\u9593=max{40,50,60,70}+10=80ns<\/p>\n\n\n\n

………………<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a08\u7b97\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u63d0\u6607
<\/strong>\u516c\u5f0f:\u6307\u4ee4\u7ba1\u7dda\u6240\u9700\u6642\u9593=(\u6307\u4ee4\u500b\u6578+(\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u500b\u6578-1))*\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u6642\u9593
ex:a pipeline machine has 4 stages ,\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u6642\u9593=90ns,\u57f7\u884c10 instructions
\u6307\u4ee4\u7ba1\u7dda\u6240\u9700\u6642\u9593\uff1d(10+(4-1))*90ns=1170ns
\u516c\u5f0f:pipeline speedup(\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u63d0\u6607)=\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u6240\u9700\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593\/\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u6240\u9700\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593
ex:\u67094\u500b\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5,\u5404\u8017\u664225ns,\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u5ef6\u9072,\u82e5\u57f7\u884c100\u9053\u6307\u4ee4,\u5247
\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593=100*(25+25+25+25)=10,000ns
\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593=103*25=2,575ns
speedup=10,000\/2,575=3.88
ex:\u67094\u500b\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5,\u5404\u8017\u664225ns,\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u5ef6\u907215ns,\u82e5\u57f7\u884c100\u9053\u6307\u4ee4,\u5247
\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593=100*(25+25+25+25)=10,000ns
\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593=103*(25+15)=4,120ns
speedup=10,000\/4,120=2.43
ex:\u67094\u500b\u786c\u9ad4\u968e\u6bb5\u5206\u5225\u8017\u664210ns,40ns,25ns,25ns,\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u5ef6\u907215ns,\u82e5\u57f7\u884c100\u9053\u6307\u4ee4,\u5247
\u672a\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593=100*(25+25+25+25)=10,000ns
\u4f7f\u7528\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u9593=103*(max{10,40,25,25}+15)=5,665ns
speedup=10,000\/5,665=1.77
ex:\u6709n\u500bstage,k\u500btask
speedup=k*n\/(k+n-1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u986f\u793a\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u63d0\u6607\u6548\u7387<\/strong>
\u516c\u5f0f:efficiency(\u7ba1\u7dda\u6548\u7387)=pipeline speedup\/pipeline depth*100%
ex:pipeline speedup=3.88,pipeline depth=4
\u5247efficiency=3.88\/4*100%=97%<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6307\u4ee4\u7ba1\u7dda\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u500b\u6578
\u516c\u5f0f:pipeline CPI=ideal pipeline CPI+(structural stalls)+(control stalls)+(RAW stalls+WAR stalls+WAW stalls)

………………<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ba1\u7dda\u4f5c\u696d\u6548\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u5230\u6700\u4f73\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u539f\u56e0
\u5de5\u4f5c\u5207\u5272\u4e0d\u5e73\u5747,\u7ba1\u7dda\u5371\u6a5f
ex:\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5b58\u53d6\u7684\u885d\u7a81,\u6307\u4ee4\u9593\u5b58\u5728data dependency(\u8cc7\u6599\u76f8\u4f9d),\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4,\u4e2d\u65b7\u4fe1\u865f,\u547c\u53eb\u526f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6307\u4ee4,\u4ecb\u9762\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u5ef6\u9072…\u7b49
ps:\u82e5\u7ba1\u7dda\u6df1\u5ea6\u70bak,\u901a\u5e38\u6548\u80fd\u53ea\u6703\u589e\u5febsqrt(k)\u500d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7ba1\u7dda\u5371\u6a5f<\/strong>
\u5728\u6307\u4ee4\u57f7\u884c\u6642\uff0c\u7ba1\u7dda\u7121\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u586b\u6eff\uff0c\u800c\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u640d\u5931\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1
\u5206\u70ba3\u5927\u985e:
control hazard(\u63a7\u5236\u5371\u6a5f)<\/strong>
\u57f7\u884c\u975e\u5faa\u5e8f\u6307\u4ee4\u6642,\u6703\u8b93\u7ba1\u7dda\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0d\u80fd\u7e7c\u7e8c\u88ab\u57f7\u884c,\u9700\u5fc5\u9808\u52a0\u4ee5\u6e05\u9664,\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u7684\u640d\u5931
\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6709:\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4,\u526f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u547c\u53eb\u6307\u4ee4,\u4e2d\u65b7\u4fe1\u865f
data hazard(\u8cc7\u6599\u5371\u6a5f)<\/strong>
\u7ba1\u7dda\u5167\u90e8\u6307\u4ee4\u9593\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728data dependency,\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u540c\u6642\u88ab\u57f7\u884c\u800c\u88ab\u8feb\u66ab\u505c\u76f8\u95dc\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u57f7\u884c,\u6216\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e9bNOP,\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u7684\u640d\u5931
\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6709:WAR,RAW,WAW
structure hazard(\u7d50\u69cb\u5371\u6a5f)<\/strong>
\u786c\u9ad4\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u8db3\u4f7f\u5f97\u7ba1\u7dda\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u6642\u88ab\u57f7\u884c,\u9700\u5fc5\u9808\u66ab\u505c\u76f8\u95dc\u76f8\u95dc\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u57f7\u884c,\u6216\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e9bNOP,\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7ba1\u7dda\u9031\u671f\u7684\u640d\u5931
\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6709:\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u7684\u5b58\u53d6\u885d\u7a81
ps:NOP(no operation instruction,\u4e0d\u904b\u7b97\u6307\u4ee4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\u786c\u9ad4\u65b9\u5f0f(\u7528\u5728\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4)\uff1a
\u3000instruction buffer(\u6307\u4ee4\u7de9\u885d\u5340)\uff1a\u5c07\u591a\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u6642\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u5b58\u653e\u5230\u4f47\u5217\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u6839\u64da\u5206\u652f\u689d\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u9078\u53d6\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u6307\u4ee4\u57f7\u884c\u5373\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u640d\u5931
\u3000branch predict(\u5206\u652f\u9810\u6e2c)\u7684\u96fb\u8def\uff1a\u5c0d\u65bc\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4\u9032\u884c\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9810\u6e2c\u6b63\u78ba\u5c31\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u640d\u5931
\u3000\u3000\u975c\u614b\u9810\u6e2c\uff1a\u9047\u5230\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4\u6642\uff0c\u56fa\u5b9a\u4ee5\u689d\u4ef6\u6210\u7acb\u6216\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u4f86\u8655\u7406
\u3000\u3000\u52d5\u614b\u9810\u6e2c\uff1a\u6839\u64da\u6307\u4ee4\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u6210\u7acb\u8207\u5426\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u9810\u6e2c\u503c\u7684\u9078\u64c7
\u8edf\u9ad4\u65b9\u5f0f(\u7528\u5728\u7121\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4)\uff1a
\u3000delayed branch(\u5ef6\u9072\u5206\u652f)\uff1a\u7528compiler(\u7ffb\u8b6f\u5668)\u627e\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5728\u6539\u8b8a\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u4f86\u907f\u514d\u640d\u5931<\/p>\n\n\n\n

data dependency\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\u786c\u9ad4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\u3000internal forward(\u5167\u90e8\u8cc7\u6599\u524d\u9001)\u96fb\u8def\uff1a
\u8edf\u9ad4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\u3000pipeline schedule(\u7ba1\u7dda\u6307\u4ee4\u898f\u756b)\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528compiler\u627e\u51fa\u6307\u4ee4\u9593\u51fa\u73fedata dependency\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u518d\u6539\u8b8a\u6307\u4ee4\u9806\u5e8f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

data dependency\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u7a2e
flow dependency:raw(read after write,\u5beb\u5165\u5f8c\u7684\u8b80\u53d6)
output dependency:waw(write after write,\u5beb\u5165\u5f8c\u7684\u5beb\u5165)
anti-dependency:war(write after read,\u8b80\u53d6\u5f8c\u7684\u5beb\u5165)
ex:
s1:a=b+c
s2:c=b*a
s3:s=0
s4:for(i=a;i<=100;i++)s=s+s[i]
s5:if(s>1000)then c=c*2
\u56e0s1\u7684a\u6703\u88abs2\u548cs4\u8b80\u53d6,\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709flow dependency
\u56e0s2\u7684c\u6703\u88abs5\u5728\u5beb\u5165,\u6240\u4ee5\u5177\u6709output dependency
\u56e0s1\u8b80\u53d6\u7684c\u6703\u88abs2\u548cs5\u5beb\u5165,\u6240\u4ee5\u5177\u6709anti-dependency<\/p>\n\n\n\n

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b97\u8853\u908f\u8f2f\u904b\u7b97\u55ae\u5143<\/strong>

1\u63d0\u4f9b\u8cc7\u6599\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u57f7\u884c\u7b97\u8853\u904b\u7b97\u548c\u908f\u8f2f\u904b\u7b97
2\u914d\u5408flag register\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u689d\u4ef6\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u529f\u80fd

\u76f8\u95dc\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u6709\uff1a
ACC(\u7d2f\u52a0\u66ab\u5b58\u5668)<\/strong>
1\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u5167\u90e8\u82e5\u64c1\u6709\u591a\u500b\u7d2f\u52a0\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u7576\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u5340\uff0c\u5247\u8a08\u7b97\u6548\u80fd\u63d0\u6607
2\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4e2d\u592e\u8655\u7406\u5668\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u90fd\u5141\u8a31\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u822c\u76ee\u7684\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u4e5f\u53ef\u5145\u7576\u7d2f\u52a0\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u529f\u80fd
flag register(\u65d7\u6a19\u66ab\u5b58\u5668)<\/strong>
\u8868\u793a\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4e14\u5167\u542b\u591a\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\u78bc\u4f4d\u5143
\u7b97\u8853\u904b\u7b97\u548c\u908f\u8f2f\u904b\u7b97\u6703\u8a2d\u5b9a\u65d7\u6a19\u66ab\u5b58\u5668\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u78bc
\u689d\u4ef6\u78bc\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u7576\u6210\u689d\u4ef6\u5224\u5225\u7684\u4f9d\u64da,\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u6307\u4ee4\u9032\u884c\u5206\u652f\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66
\u5305\u62ec\uff1a
sign flag(\u7b26\u865f\u65d7\u6a19)\uff1a\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u8ca0\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u65d7\u6a19\uff0c\u7576\u7d50\u679c\u5c0f\u65bc0\u5247sign flag\u6703\u88ab\u8a2d\u5b9a\u70ba1
carry flag(\u9032\u4f4d\u65d7\u6a19)\uff1a\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u5426\u7522\u751f\u9032\u4f4d\uff0c\u82e5\u9032\u4f4d\u5247carry flag\u6703\u88ab\u8a2d\u5b9a\u70ba1
overflow flag(\u6ea2\u4f4d\u65d7\u6a19)\uff1a\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u5426\u7522\u751f\u6ea2\u4f4d\uff0c\u82e5\u6ea2\u4f4d\u5247overflow flag\u6703\u88ab\u8a2d\u5b9a\u70ba1
zero flag(\u96f6\u503c\u65d7\u6a19)\uff1a\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u96f6\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u65d7\u6a19\uff0c\u82e5\u7b49\u65bc0\u5247zero flag\u6703\u88ab\u8a2d\u5b9a\u70ba1
ex:\u5224\u65b7a=b\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb
\u5247\u5148a-b,\u82e5zero flag\u70ba1\u5247a=b\u6210\u7acb
ex:\u5224\u65b7a>b\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb
\u5247\u5148a-b,\u82e5zero flag\u548csign flag\u7686\u70ba0,\u5247a>b\u6210\u7acb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143<\/strong>
\u8a2d\u8a08\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a
\u786c\u9ad4\u7dda\u8def\u63a7\u5236\uff1a\u512a\u9ede,\u57f7\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u9ad8;\u7f3a\u9ede\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u7dad\u8b77\u56f0\u96e3\uff1b\u7f3a\u9ede\uff0c\u88fd\u9020\u6210\u672c\u9ad8
\u9069\u5408\u7528\u5728\u8f03\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143\uff0c\u5982RISC\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143
\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\uff1a\u512a\u9ede\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u7dad\u8b77\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u88fd\u9020\u6210\u672c\u4f4e\uff1b\u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a\u57f7\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u5dee
\u9069\u5408\u7528\u5728\u8f03\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143\uff0c\u5982CISC\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143…………………………..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u786c\u9ad4\u7dda\u8def\u63a7\u5236\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u6709
1state table method(\u72c0\u614b\u8868\u683c\u6cd5)
2delay element method(\u5ef6\u9072\u5143\u4ef6\u6cd5)
3sequence counter method(\u5e8f\u5217\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6cd5)\uff1a\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143,\u4e3b\u8981\u7d44\u6210\u5143\u4ef6\u6709
decoder(\u89e3\u78bc\u5668)\u8207encoder(\u7de8\u78bc\u5668)\uff1a\u9001\u51fa\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f
step counter(\u6b65\u9a5f\u8a08\u6578\u5668)\u8207\u8a08\u6642\u5668\uff1a\u7528\u4f5cinstruction cycle
\u6307\u4ee4\u66ab\u5b58\u5668,\u65d7\u6a19\u66ab\u5b58\u5668,\u5916\u754c\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f,…\u7b49\uff1a\u8f38\u5165\u72c0\u614b\u7d66decoder\u548cencoder<\/p>\n\n\n\n

………….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u505a\u6cd5\uff1a
\u5c07\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u8868\u793a\u6210micro instruction\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e26\u71d2\u9304\u5728microprogram memory\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d44\u6210\u5143\u4ef6\u6709\uff1a
microprogram memory(\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4)<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e5f\u7a31control memory(\u63a7\u5236\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4)\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u5132\u5b58micro instruction
uPC(micro program counter,\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a08\u6578\u5668)\uff1a\u7528\u4f86\u5b58\u653e\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u8981\u8b80\u53d6\u7684\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u4f4d\u5740\u7684\u66ab\u5b58\u5668
micro program(\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f)<\/strong>\uff1a\u5132\u5b58\u5728microprogram memory\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f
\u6bcf\u500b\u6a5f\u5668\u6307\u4ee4\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684micro program\uff0c\u6bcf\u500bmicro program\u90fd\u5167\u542b\u591a\u500bmicro instruction
ps:micro instruction(\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4):\u5167\u542b\u4e00\u500b\u6216\u591a\u500b\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u9a45\u52d5\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u6240\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684micro operation\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a31control word(\u63a7\u5236\u5b57\u7d44)
ps:micro operation(\u5fae\u904b\u7b97):\u7531\u4e00\u500b\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u6240\u9a45\u52d5\u7684\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u5167\u90e8\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u904b\u7b97
 ex:\u5169\u500bregister\u9593\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u50b3\u9001\u6216\u63a5\u6536\uff0c\u6216ALU\u9032\u884c\u4e00\u500b\u52a0\u6cd5\u7684\u7b97\u8853\u904b\u7b97
ps:micro code(\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc)\uff1a\u71d2\u9304\u5728microprogram memory\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u6216\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc
 ex:BIOS<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u88dc\u5145\uff1ananoprogrammed control(\u5948\u7a0b\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236)
\u4f7f\u7528\u5169\u968e\u5c64\u63a7\u5236\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5247\u662fnanoprogram memory(\u5948\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4)
\u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u964d\u4f4e\u63a7\u5236\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u7a7a\u9593
  \u56e0\u70ba\u53ef\u5c07\u591a\u500b\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u90e8\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u5948\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u800c\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e2d\u53ea\u9700\u8868\u793a\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u5948\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f4d\u5740\uff0c\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u985e\u4f3c\u8edf\u9ad4\u4e2d\u526f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u529f\u7528
\u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a\u57f7\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u6bd4\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u5dee
 \u56e0\u70ba\u8981\u767c\u51fa\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u5230\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5b58\u53d6\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5948\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5b58\u53d6\u5948\u6307\u4ee4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

micro instruction\u4f9d\u7de8\u78bc\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5206\u70ba
horizontal(\u6c34\u5e73)\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4
  \u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u57f7\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u4f73\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5141\u8a31\u4e00\u500b\u6307\u4ee4\u540c\u6642\u767c\u51fa\u591a\u4fe1\u865f\uff0c\u6e1b\u5c11\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5b58\u53d6\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u6b21\u6578\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u9700\u89e3\u78bc
  \u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u4e14\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5404\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u90fd\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u6c34\u5e73\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f4d\u5143\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u592a\u9577
  \u6307\u4ee4\u9577\u5ea6\uff1a\u82e5\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u500b\u6578\u70ban,\u5247\u6c34\u5e73\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u5c31\u9700n\u500b\u4f4d\u5143
  \u9069\u5408\uff1a\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u5141\u8a31\u5e73\u884c\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u96fb\u8166\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f
ex:\u82e5\u67095\u500b\u6c34\u5e73\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u500b\u6578\u5206\u5225\u662f4\uff0c4\uff0c3\uff0c11\uff0c9
\u5247\u6c34\u5e73\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9577\u5ea6=4+4+3+11+9=31bits
vertical(\u5782\u76f4)\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4
  \u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u4e0d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5404\u5782\u76f4\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u5167\u90e8\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u7684\u7de8\u78bc\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u9577\u5ea6\u6700\u77ed
  \u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a\u6548\u80fd\u5dee\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6307\u4ee4\u53ea\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u500b\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u984d\u5916\u7684\u89e3\u78bc\u96fb\u8def\u5c0d\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u9032\u884c\u89e3\u78bc
  \u6307\u4ee4\u9577\u5ea6\uff1a\u82e5\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u7684\u500b\u6578\u70ban,\u5247\u4e00\u500b\u5782\u76f4\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u70baceil(log2(n))\u500b\u4f4d\u5143
  \u9069\u5408\uff1a\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5141\u8a31\u5e73\u884c\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u96fb\u8166\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f
ex:\u82e5\u67095\u500b\u5782\u76f4\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u500b\u6578\u5206\u5225\u662f4\uff0c4\uff0c3\uff0c11\uff0c9
\u5c07\u5404\u6307\u4ee4\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u500b\u6578\u5206\u5225\u653e\u5165ceil(log2(n))\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u5f97\u52303\uff0c3\uff0c2\uff0c4\uff0c4
\u5247\u5782\u76f4\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9577\u5ea6=3+3+2+4+4=16bits
\u6df7\u5408\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4
  \u5fae\u7a0b\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u4ecb\u65bc\u6c34\u5e73\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u8207\u5782\u76f4\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u683c\u5f0f
 \u505a\u6cd5\uff1a 1\u5c07\u4e0d\u6703\u540c\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u5206\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u7d44\uff0c 2\u5c0d\u540c\u4e00\u7d44\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f\u9032\u884c\u7de8\u78bc
 \u512a\u9ede\uff1a\u6e1b\u5c11\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u7522\u751f\u591a\u500b\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u865f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u80fd\u5920\u4fdd\u5b58\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u4e26\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u5fae\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5
1,\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684MCC(maximal compatibility classes,\u6700\u5927\u76f8\u5bb9\u7d44)
2,\u6c7a\u5b9aMMC\u7684mini MCC cover(\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u8986\u84cb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

………………………………<\/p>\n\n\n\n

cpu\u6392\u7a0b
\u5206\u70ba
preemptive<\/strong>:process\u4e00\u4f46\u4f54\u7528\u4e86CPU,\u53ef\u4e2d\u65b7\u4e26\u8b93\u5176\u4ed6process\u4f54\u7528CPU
\u5e73\u5747\u7b49\u5f85\u6642\u9593\u8f03\u77ed
Context switching\u8f03\u591a
reponse time\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u671f
ex:RR,SJF,priority scheduling
non-preepmtive<\/strong>:process\u4e00\u4f46\u4f54\u7528\u4e86CPU,\u5b83\u5c31\u6703\u4e00\u76f4\u4f7f\u7528\u76f4\u5230\u7d42\u6b62\u6216\u8acb\u6c42I\/O\u52d5\u4f5c
\u5e73\u5747\u7b49\u5f85\u6642\u9593\u8f03\u9577
Context switching\u8f03\u5c11
response time\u53ef\u9810\u671f
ex:FCFS,SJF,priority scheduling<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e38\u898b\u7684cpu\u6392\u7a0b\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5
FCFS(first come first served)
RR(round robin)
SJF(short job first):\u5206\u70bapreemptive\u548cnon-preemptive
priority scheduling::\u5206\u70bapreemptive\u548cnon-preemptive
multilevel queue:\u6bcf\u500bqueue\u53ef\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6392\u7a0b\u65b9\u5f0f,\u5982fcfs,rr
multilevel feedback queue:\u548cmultilvel queue\u985e\u4f3c,\u4f46process\u53ef\u5728\u5404queue\u9593\u79fb\u52d5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

………………………………<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u63d0\u9ad8cpu\u6027\u80fd\u6280\u8853\u6709
Superscalar(\u8d85\u7d14\u91cf\u67b6\u69cb):
\u5141\u8a31\u4e00\u500b\u8a08\u6642\u9031\u671f\u4fe1\u865f\u540c\u6642\u555f\u52d5\u591a\u500b\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u57f7\u884c,\u63d0\u4f9binstruction-level parallelism

HT(HyperThreading,\u8d85\u57f7\u884c\u7dd2):
\u5229\u7528\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u786c\u9ad4\u6307\u4ee4\u628a\u5169\u500b\u908f\u8f2f\u5167\u6838\u985e\u6bd4\u6210\u5169\u500b\u7269\u7406\u6676\u7247,\u8b93\u55ae\u500b\u8655\u7406\u5668\u90fd\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u7dda\u7a0b\u7d1a\u5e73\u884c\u8a08\u7b97

OOOE(Out-Of-Order Execution,\u8d85\u7dd2\u57f7\u884c,\u975e\u5faa\u5e8f\u57f7\u884c,\u4e82\u5e8f\u57f7\u884c):
\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u5141\u8a31\u5c07\u591a\u689d\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0d\u6309\u7a0b\u5f0f\u898f\u5b9a\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u5206\u958b\u767c\u9001\u7d66\u5404\u76f8\u61c9\u96fb\u8def\u55ae\u5143\u8655\u7406\u7684\u6280\u8853<\/p>\n\n\n\n

……………………………….<\/p>\n\n\n\n

single chip(\u55ae\u6676\u7247)
\u5c07\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u3001I\/O\u3001\u8a08\u6642\u5668\u3001\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u3001\u4e32\u5217\u50b3\u8f38\u4ecb\u9762\u3001A\/D\u8f49\u63db\u5668……\u7b49\u7b49\u5168\u90e8\u6fc3\u7e2e\u5230CPU\u88cf\u9762\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u9846IC
\u5e38\u7528\u65bc\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u696d\u754c\u4f7f\u7528\u666e\u904d\u3002
ex:\u5c0f\u578b\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u6a5f\u5668\u5100\u8868\u7b49
ps:\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u55ae\u6676\u7247\u6709Intel\u516c\u53f8\u7684MCS\u7cfb\u5217\u59828751\u30018752\u30018051\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FPU(Floating point Processing Unit,\u6d6e\u9ede\u904b\u7b97\u55ae\u5143)
\u5c08\u9580\u7528\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u6d6e\u9ede\u6578\u503c\u7684\u904b\u7b97,\u7528\u65bc\u8f14\u52a9CPU\u589e\u5feb\u8655\u7406\u901f\u5ea6,\u9808\u914d\u5408CPU\u4f7f\u7528
ex:80287,80387
ps:486DX\u3001Pentium\u3001P6\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7684CPU\uff0c\u5df2\u5167\u5efa\u6709\u6d6e\u9ede\u904b\u7b97\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u5916\u52a0 FPU<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GPU(Graphic Processing Unit,\u7e6a\u5716\u8655\u7406\u55ae\u5143)
\u5c08\u9580\u7528\u65bc\u8655\u7406\u7e6a\u5716\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u8655\u7406\u55ae\u5143,\u7528\u65bc\u8f14\u52a9CPU\u589e\u5feb\u8655\u7406\u901f\u5ea6,\u9808\u914d\u5408CPU\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6676\u5713
\u4e00\u7a2e\u7528\u4f86\u88fd\u9020IC(\u7a4d\u9ad4\u96fb\u8def)\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u7531\u534a\u5c0e\u9ad4\u77fd\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u7d44\u6210
\u88fd\u9020\u904e\u7a0b:\u9996\u5148\u628a\u539f\u59cb\u6750\u6599\u505a\u6210\u50cf\u67f1\u5b50\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u300c\u77fd\u6676\u67f1\u300d\uff0c\u518d\u5207\u6210\u4e00\u7247\u7247\u7684\u5713\u76e4\u72c0\uff0c\u5c31\u7a31\u70ba\u6676\u5713
\u898f\u683c:\u4f9d\u76f4\u5f91\u5927\u5c0f\u5206\u6709\u516b\u540b,\u5341\u4e8c\u540b,\u5341\u516d\u540b\uff0c\u76f4\u5f91\u8d8a\u5927\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u6210\u7684IC\u5143\u4ef6\u6578\u91cf\u5c31\u6703\u8d8a\u591a\uff1b
\u7528\u9014:\u5728\u6676\u5713\u8868\u9762\u9032\u884c\u8a2d\u8a08\u8207\u8755\u523b\u7b49\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88fd\u9020\u51fa\u5404\u7a2e\u529f\u80fd\u7684IC\u6676\u7247\uff0cex:CPU,\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4,…\u7b49<\/p>\n\n\n\n

chipset(\u6676\u7247\u7d44)
\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u96fb\u8def\u6a21\u7d44\u5316\u7684\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u5c07\u6578\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u96fb\u8def\u88fd\u4f5c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6676\u7247\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7c21\u5316\u96fb\u8def\u7d50\u69cb
\u6676\u7247\u7d44\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u65b7\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u3001\u8a08\u6642\u5668\u6216\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u3001DMA\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u76f4\u63a5\u5b58\u53d6\u3001I\/O\u9031\u908a\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u7b49
\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u97f3\u6548\u5361,\u986f\u793a\u5361<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

cpu\u7684\u767c\u5c554bit Intel 40048bit …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-computerarchitecture"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=744"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/systw.net\/note\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}