python
缺點:執行效能較慢
優點:程式編排方法一致
refer
http://code.google.com/p/using-python/wiki/Welcome
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python
http://pydoing.blogspot.tw/2012/12/Python-Guide.html
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Install on linux
1
download from www.python.org
2
安装
#./configure –prefix=/usr/local/python
#make
#make install
3
設定路徑
#mv /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python.bak
#ln -sf /usr/local/python/bin/python /usr/bin/python
refer
http://code.google.com/p/using-python/wiki/Installation
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指令
進入IDLE(互動模式)
#python
Python 2.7.3 (default, Sep 26 2013, 20:08:41)
[GCC 4.6.3] on linux
Type “help”, “copyright”, “credits” or “license” for more information.
>>>
執行python script
#python < python script >
ex:
#vi hello.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
print ‘hello world’
ps:
忽略warnning message
#python -W ignore < python script>
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注意事項
indentation:在Python中不可隨意縮排，因為縮排是Python劃分程式區塊的方式
ex:
以下執行時會發生錯誤
a = 1
print(a)
a = 3
print(a)
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基本操作
變數
1.case-sensitive(大小寫有別)
2.可一次指定多個變數的值
ex:
m, n = 5, 6
3.清除變數方法有2種
var = None
del var
4.建立時自動宣告變數範圍
ex:
x = 10 # x的範圍是全域
def outer():
y = 20 # y的範圍是在outer() 函式內
5手動設定變數範圍
宣告非全域變數
nonlocal
宣告全域變數
gobal
流程控制
while
while < condietion>:
< statement>
應用
i = 10 # 設定控制變數
while i > 0:
# 迴圈工作區
print(i)
i -= 1 # 調整控制變數值
ex:
len = 10
while i > len:
i+=1
print(i)
…
for
for < target> in < range or array>:
< statement>
應用
i = 10 # 設定控制變數
for i in range(10, 0, -1):
print(i)
ex:
list1=[1,5,3,2]
for x in list1:
print(x)
…
if
if < condietion>:
< statement>
elif:
< statement>
else:
< statement>
ex:
判斷字串中是否有”-“
if ‘-‘ in string:
print ‘string include -‘
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import
載入library module,有兩種載入方法，如下
import < module>
ex:
載入sys模組
import sys
print sys.argv, sys.path
ps:
import < module> as < short name>
載入module後另指定別名
ex:
import numpy as np
from < module> import < function>
ex:
載入sys模組內argv,path兩個功能
from sys import argv,path
print argv, path
ps:
載入sys模組內所有功能
from sys import *
print argv, path
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try and except
程式正常運作時,會執行try的區域
若程式運作發生例外狀況,就會執行except的區域
ex:
a = 22
b = 33
try:
if a > b:
print(n)
except:
print(“except”)
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定義函數
使用def+一個空格+函數名稱與小括弧+冒號
回傳一個值
def big(a, b):
if a > b:
return a
else:
return b
print(big(33, 22))
回傳多值
def select_choice():
…
return (i, card)
my_i, my_card = select_choice()
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新增模組
1
#mkdir moduletest
#cd moduletest
#vi moduletest.py
def printhello():
print ‘hello’
2編輯metadata
#vi setup.py
from distutils.core import setup
setup(
name=’moduletest’,
version =’1.0.0′,
py_modules=[‘moduletest’],
author=’raymond’,
author_email=’ray@systw.net’,
url=’systw.net’,
description =’for test’
3建構與安裝
#python setup.py sdist
#python setup.py install
4使用module
#vi usemodule.py
import moduletest
moduletest.printhello()
..
更新模組
1.
#vi setup.py
…omit…
version =’1.1.0′,
…omit…
2
#python setup.py sdist upload
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常見錯誤
no display name
ex:
Traceback (most recent call last):
…omit…
_tkinter.TclError: no display name and no $DISPLAY environment variabl
solve:
執行export DISPLAY=localhost:0
IndentationError
ex:
File “pcashow.py”, line 13
pl.scatter(data[target == i, 0], data[target == i, 1],
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
solve:
縮排調好
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套件管理
常見的套件安裝
1.到套件底下檢查是否有setup.py
2.執行python setup.py install
套件管理工具
讓Python安裝模組時變得很簡單
常見的有以下
easy_install
pip
…
easy_install
支援egg格式安裝
linux 安裝
#yum install python-setuptools
windows安裝
1
download
http://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
2
install
# python ez_setup.py
ps
Windows可使用setuptools-x.x.win32-py2.x.exe直接安裝
…
pip
類似easy_install，有些作業系統已經內建了
安裝方法1
# curl http://python-distribute.org/distribute_setup.py | python
# curl https://raw.github.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py | python
安裝方法2( 用easy_install)
# easy_install pip
refer
http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/tech-column/8536-introduction-of-python-extension-management-tools